[25] CARBOHYDRATES | Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012227055X001681

"Western diets contain on average 200–300 g of carbohydrates day"

[26] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 3. Una introducción sobre la regulación de la grasa, párr. 26.

"Y basta solo una cantidad muy pequeña de insulina para lograr la proeza de detener la acción de la HSL y atrapar la grasa en el interior de las células grasas."

[1] Cordain et al. (2000). Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets.
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/71/3/682/4729121

"Our analysis showed that whenever and wherever it was ecologically possible, hunter-gatherers consumed high amounts (45–65% of energy) of animal food. Most (73%) of the worldwide hunter-gatherer societies derived >50% (≥56–65% of energy) of their subsistence from animal foods, whereas only 14% of these societies derived >50% (≥56–65% of energy) of their subsistence from gathered plant foods. This high reliance on animal-based foods coupled with the relatively low carbohydrate content of wild plant foods produces universally characteristic macronutrient consumption ratios in which protein is elevated (19–35% of energy) at the expense of carbohydrates (22–40% of energy)."

[2] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 9. Carne o verdura?, párr. 10.

"En tercer lugar, las dietas eran bajas en hidratos de carbono «para los estándares occidentales normales», con una media del 22% al 40% de energía. Una razón obvia es que estos cazadores-recolectores preferían la carne cuando la podían conseguir. Otra es que los alimentos de plantas silvestres tienen un «contenido de hidratos de carbono relativamente bajo» comparados con los alimentos harinosos y las féculas que tomamos en la actualidad."

[3] Cordain et al. (2000). Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets.
https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/71/3/682/4729121

"Anthropologic and medical studies of hunter-gatherer societies indicate that these people were relatively free of many of the chronic degenerative diseases and disease symptoms (52) that plague modern societies and that this freedom from disease was attributable in part to their diet (14–16, 47, 52). Therefore, macronutrient characteristics of hunter-gatherer diets may provide insight into potentially therapeutic dietary recommendations for contemporary populations."

[4] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 9. Carne o verdura?, párr. 14.

"Si le damos la vuelta por completo a este argumento de la evolución, nos encontramos con la experiencia de las poblaciones aisladas que pasan de vivir de sus dietas tradicionales a incorporar este tipo de alimentos que nosotros tomamos diariamente en las occidentalizadas sociedades modernas. Los expertos en salud pública lo llaman una «transición en la nutrición» y esto va invariablemente acompañado de una transición de enfermedades: la aparición de una serie de enfermedades crónicas que ahora son conocidas como «enfermedades occidentales» precisamente por esa razón. Estas enfermedades incluyen la obesidad, las enfermedades cardíacas, la hipertensión y el derrame cerebral, el cáncer, la enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias, las caries, las enfermedades periodontales, la apendicitis, las úlceras, la diverticulitis, los cálculos biliares, las hemorroides, las venas varicosas y el estreñimiento. Estas enfermedades y afecciones son habituales en las sociedades que ingieren dietas occidentales y viven estilos de vida modernos, y son poco habituales, o acaso inexistentes, en las sociedades que no lo hacen. Y cuando estas sociedades tradicionales incorporan las dietas y los estilos de vida occidentales —ya sea a través del comercio o de la emigración (voluntaria o forzosa, como en el comercio de esclavos)—, estas enfermedades se manifiestan poco después."

[5] Why Don't Hunter-gatherers Have Acne?
https://www.acne.org/why-dont-hunter-gatherers-have-acne.html

[6] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 8. Una digresión histórica sobre los hidratos de carbono que nos hacen engordar, párr. 7.

"La idea de que los hidratos de carbono engordan, en efecto, ha estado circulando durante la mayor parte de los últimos dos siglos."

[7] Tanner, T. H. (1869). The Practice of Medicine. Pág. 217, párr. 4.
http://bit.ly/2FvlKji

"Farinaceous and vegetable foods are fattening, and saccharine matters are especially so."

[8] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 10. La naturaleza de una dieta sana, párr. 16.

"Una prueba a favor de est conclusión es que, desde la década de 1930, los médicos han estado usando dietas ketogénicas para tratar e incluso curar la epilepsia infantil, para lo que no hay otro remedio."

[9] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"Keys was the original big data guy (a contemporary remarked: “Every time you question this man Keys, he says, ‘I’ve got 5,000 cases. How many do you have?’). Despite its monumental stature, however, the Seven Countries Study, which was the basis for a cascade of subsequent papers by its original authors, was a rickety construction. There was no objective basis for the countries chosen by Keys, and it is hard to avoid the conclusion that he picked only those he suspected would support his hypothesis. After all, it is quite something to choose seven nations in Europe and leave out France and what was then West Germany, but then, Keys already knew that the French and Germans had relatively low rates of heart disease, despite living on a diet rich in saturated fats.

The study’s biggest limitation was inherent to its method. Epidemiological research involves the collection of data on people’s behaviour and health, and a search for patterns. Originally developed to study infection, Keys and his successors adapted it to the study of chronic diseases, which, unlike most infections, take decades to develop, and are entangled with hundreds of dietary and lifestyle factors, effectively impossible to separate.

To reliably identify causes, as opposed to correlations, a higher standard of evidence is required: the controlled trial."

[10] Taubes G., Kearns C. (2012). Big Sugar’s Sweet Little Lies. How the industry kept scientists from asking: Does sugar kill?
http://bit.ly/2Ui9eg1

"Working to the industry’s recruiting advantage was the rising notion that cholesterol and dietary fat—especially saturated fat—were the likely causes of heart disease. (Tatem even suggested, in a letter to the Times Magazine, that some “sugar critics” were motivated merely by wanting “to keep the heat off saturated fats.”) This was the brainchild of nutritionist Ancel Keys, whose University of Minnesota laboratory had received financial support from the sugar industry as early as 1944."

[11] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"The most prominent recommendation of both governments was to cut back on saturated fats and cholesterol (this was the first time that the public had been advised to eat less of something, rather than enough of everything). Consumers dutifully obeyed. We replaced steak and sausages with pasta and rice, butter with margarine and vegetable oils, eggs with muesli, and milk with low-fat milk or orange juice."

[12] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"At best, we can conclude that the official guidelines did not achieve their objective; at worst, they led to a decades-long health catastrophe."

[13] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"Look at a graph of postwar obesity rates and it becomes clear that something changed after 1980. In the US, the line rises very gradually until, in the early 1980s, it takes off like an aeroplane. Just 12% of Americans were obese in 1950, 15% in 1980, 35% by 2000. In the UK, the line is flat for decades until the mid-1980s, at which point it also turns towards the sky. Only 6% of Britons were obese in 1980. In the next 20 years that figure more than trebled. Today, two thirds of Britons are either obese or overweight, making this the fattest country in the EU. Type 2 diabetes, closely related to obesity, has risen in tandem in both countries."

[14] Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2016). Informe mundial sobre la diabetes.
http://bit.ly/2Onv3Va

"A escala mundial se calcula que 422 millones de adultos tenían diabetes en 2014, por comparación con 108 millones en 1980."

[15] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"But instead of becoming healthier, we grew fatter and sicker."

[16] Taubes G., Kearns C. (2012). Big Sugar’s Sweet Little Lies. How the industry kept scientists from asking: Does sugar kill?
http://bit.ly/2Ui9eg1

"The FDA’s instructions were clear: To label a substance as a potential health hazard, there had to be “credible evidence of, or reasonable grounds to suspect, adverse biological effects”—which certainly existed for sugar at the time. But the GRAS committee’s review would depend heavily on “Sugar in the Diet of Man” and other work by its authors. In the section on heart disease, committee members cited 14 studies whose results were “conflicting,” but 6 of those bore industry fingerprints, including Francisco Grande’s chapter from “Sugar in the Diet of Man” and 5 others that came from Grande’s lab or were otherwise funded by the sugar industry."

[17] Diamond D. (2017). An Update on Demonization and Deception in Research on Saturated Fat.
https://youtu.be/uc1XsO3mxX8

[18] CNN. (2003). Diet guru Dr. Robert Atkins dead at 72.
https://cnn.it/2IbtAjU

"Atkins' diet books were some of the best-selling books of all time."

[19] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"Atkins was labelled a fraud, and his diet a “fad”."

[20] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"A “fad” implies something new-fangled. But low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets had been popular for well over a century before Atkins, and were, until the 1960s, a method of weight loss endorsed by mainstream science. By the start of the 1970s, that had changed. Researchers interested in the effects of sugar and complex carbohydrates on obesity only had to look at what had happened to the most senior nutritionist in the UK to see that pursuing such a line of inquiry was a terrible career move."

[21] Taubes G., Kearns C. (2012). Big Sugar’s Sweet Little Lies. How the industry kept scientists from asking: Does sugar kill?
http://bit.ly/2Ui9eg1

"Research on the suspected links between sugar and chronic disease largely ground to a halt by the late 1980s, and scientists came to view such pursuits as a career dead end."

[22] The Guardian. (2016). The sugar conspiracy.
http://bit.ly/2FSqVdc

"Only in the last few years has it become acceptable to study the effects of Atkins-type diets. [...] The NIH study is the latest of more than 50 similar studies, which together suggest that low-carbohydrate diets are better than low-fat diets for achieving weight loss and controlling type 2 diabetes."

[23] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 10. La naturaleza de una dieta sana, párr. 60.

"En los últimos 10 años, los investigadores han llevado a cabo un gran número de ensayos para comparar las dietas bajas en hidratos de carbono y ricas en grasas y proteínas —especialmente la dieta Atkins, que hizo famoso al doctor Robert Atkins en su best seller de 1972, Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution— con el tipo de dieta baja en calorías y en grasas recomendada [por el consejo oficial].

Estos ensayos son los mejores estudios que se han realizado nunca sobre cómo las dietas [bajas en carbohidratos y] ricas en grasas o en grasas saturadas repercuten en el peso y en los factores de riesgo, tanto de las enfermedades cardíacas como de la diabetes. Los resultados han sido notablemente consistentes.

[...]

Estos descubrimientos podrían resultar difíciles de digerir, pero confirman que la dieta que tenemos que seguir para perder peso —la que restringe los hidratos de carbono que nos hacen engordar— es también la dieta que mejor va a prevenir las enfermedades cardíacas."

[24] History of The Paleo Diet
https://thepaleodiet.com/science/the-trusted-source/history-of-the-paleo-diet

[1] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 10. La naturaleza de una dieta sana, sección Síndrome Metabólico.

[2] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 10. La naturaleza de una dieta sana, párr. 92.

[3] Taubes, G. (2013). Cómo engordamos y qué hacer al respecto. Libro II, Capítulo 10. La naturaleza de una dieta sana, párr. 97.

[1] Feinman et al. (2015). Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900714003323